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German irregular verbs

A German verb has three principal parts: the Infinitiv (infinitive), Präteritum (simple past) and Partizip II (past participle). You need Partizip II to form the Perfekt and the Passiv (passive). The Perfekt is the past tense that people use most in conversation.

Regular verbs form Präteritum and Partizip II by a rule: -te and ge-…-t (machen → machte → gemacht). Irregular verbs change their stem in these forms, and no general rule tells you how. So you have to learn the forms for each verb. The table below lists these verbs. For each verb, it shows the auxiliary verb that it takes in the Perfekt: haben or sein. A few verbs in the table change only their stem and take regular endings. See the section "Mixed verbs".

If people use the Perfekt more in conversation, why learn Präteritum? See "Perfekt or Präteritum?".

Mixed verbs

Nine verbs in the table are called gemischte Verben (mixed verbs): brennen, bringen, denken, kennen, nennen, rennen, senden, wenden and wissen. Their stem changes, like the stem of an irregular verb. But they take the endings of regular verbs: -te in Präteritum and -t in Partizip II. This is why they are called mixed.

Four of them are the most common in speech. Learn them first:

  • bringen → brachte → gebracht
  • denken → dachte → gedacht
  • kennen → kannte → gekannt
  • wissen → wusste → gewusst

Two forms of senden and wenden

senden and wenden also have regular forms. Both forms are correct when senden means "to send" and when wenden means "to turn to someone" (sich wenden an) or "to turn" (den Kopf wenden):

  • senden: sandte and sendete, gesandt and gesendet. In conversation, people use the regular form gesendet more often.
  • wenden: wandte and wendete, gewandt and gewendet. People use the mixed form gewandt more often.

Only the regular form is correct in two meanings, "to broadcast" and "to turn around, to turn over":

  • Das Radio hat das Konzert live gesendet. — The radio broadcast the concert live.
  • Er hat das Auto gewendet. — He turned the car around.

Exercises

You can find more exercises on this topic in the Telegram bot @ImmerWiederholenBot. The bot saves your progress and reminds you when it's time to review.

See also